Microcontroller in Embedded Systems

Embedded systems and microcontrollers are important concepts in computing, often used interchangeably but with distinct differences. This article discusses the relationship between embedded systems and microcontrollers, clarifying their roles, functionalities, and applications.

What is an Embedded System?

An embedded system is a specialized computing system designed to perform a dedicated task or related tasks. It combines hardware and software components to execute specific functions efficiently and reliably. Embedded systems are found in various applications, including consumer electronics, automotive, industrial automation, and healthcare. In almost all of the embedded systems, you will find at least one microcontroller. An Embedded system consists of a microcontroller, software running on or off the microcontroller, input devices (like keypad and touch sensors, output devices (like LCD, Seven Segment Display) and communication devices. 

What is a Microcontroller?

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit that includes a processor, memory, and peripheral interfaces on a single chip. It is designed to perform generally control-oriented tasks and is a key component of many embedded systems. The modern microcontrollers are going beyond the control tasks and are used in applications like car infotainment. The microcontrollers are built with a set of embedded systems in mind. 8051-based microcontrollers are very popular in embedded systems that require lower processing and don’t need an OS. They are simple to design, simple to write code and lower in cost. The systems that need more processing power mostly use ARM-based microcontrollers. 

Key features

1. Scope and Functionality

Embedded Systems: Encompass a broader range of hardware and software designed for specific applications. They include not only the microcontroller but also other components like sensors, actuators, communication modules, and power supplies.

Also read: Characteristics of an Embedded System

Microcontrollers: Focus specifically on the core computing unit within an embedded system. They provide the processing power, memory, and I/O interfaces necessary for control tasks.

2. Complexity

Embedded Systems: Can vary significantly in complexity, from simple devices like digital watches to complex systems like automotive engine control units (ECUs).

Microcontrollers: They come in different flavors with 8051 based ones on lower end and ARM A series processor based microcontrollers on higher end.. They are designed for efficiency and cost-effectiveness and are generally targeted towards specific set of applications. For example ARM R series processor based microcontrollers are generally used in automotive safety applications due to their faster interrupt response. 

3. Components

Embedded Systems: Include multiple components, such as sensors, actuators, communication interfaces, power management circuits, and software/firmware.

Also read: What are the Components of an Embedded System?

Microcontrollers: Integrate the processor, memory (both RAM and non-volatile storage), and peripherals (I/O ports, timers, ADCs/DACs) on a single chip.

4. Applications

Embedded Systems: Used in a wide array of applications across various industries, including consumer electronics (smartphones, smart home devices), automotive (ADAS, ECUs), healthcare (medical devices, wearables), industrial automation (robots, process controllers), and telecommunications (routers, base stations).

Also read: What are the Applications of Embedded Systems?

Microcontrollers: Employed generally in control-oriented tasks within embedded systems, such as managing sensor data, controlling actuators, and handling real-time processing requirements. The new generation multi core ARM-based microcontrollers are used in infotainment applications that require higher CPU power. The scope of microcontroller usage has significantly increased with more powerful microcontrollers.

Conclusion

While embedded systems and microcontrollers are quite distinct these 2 terms are used often interchangeably. Embedded systems encompass a broader range of components and functionalities designed for specific applications, while microcontrollers are focused on providing the core processing and control capabilities within those systems. Understanding the differences and similarities between the two is essential for designing and optimizing modern technological solutions.