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Design Approach: Combinational circuits are designed such that the output depends solely on the current input values. In contrast, sequential circuits have a memory element that allows the output to depend on both the current inputs and the previous state.

Logic Elements Used: Combinational circuits use basic logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, etc., to perform logical operations on the inputs. In contrast, sequential circuits use memory elements such as flip-flops, latches, and registers to store and maintain the state of the circuit.

Time Behavior: Combinational circuits exhibit a purely combinatorial behavior, meaning the output changes instantaneously with the input. In contrast, sequential circuits exhibit a sequential behavior, meaning the output changes in discrete time steps, as determined by a clock signal.

The number of counts a counter can count before returning to its original value is called modulus

Modulus of decade counter is MOD-10.

As the output remains the same. So the frequency of constant output voltage is Zero

Setup Time (Tsu) is the minimum time interval for which the input signal must be stable (unchanging) prior to the sampling event of the clock for the input signal to be recognized correctly.

Hold Time (Th) is the minimum time interval for which the input signal must be stable (unchanging) following the sampling event of the clock for the input signal to be recognized correctly.

C2Q: For an edge-triggerred flip-flop, the clock-to-Q time is the time it takes for the flipflop output to be in a stable state after a clock edge occurs. S2Q, R2Q: It is the time taken by flipflop to come to SET or RESET state after the application of asynchronous inputs.

CMOS stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor and refers to a type of technology used for creating integrated circuits. The benefits of CMOS technology include low power consumption, high noise immunity, and the ability to be implemented in large scale integration.

Static Timing Analysis (STA) is a method used to verify the timing performance of a VLSI design before fabrication. It is important because it helps identify and resolve any timing issues that could cause the circuit to malfunction, ensuring that the circuit will operate correctly in the intended operating conditions.

Positive edge-triggered flip-flops change their output state on the rising edge of the clock signal, whereas negative edge-triggered flip-flops change their output state on the falling edge of the clock signal. The choice of positive or negative edge-triggered flip-flops depends on the requirements of the particular circuit, such as the desired timing characteristics or the requirements of other components in the system.

A FinFET is a type of MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) that uses a fin-shaped channel to control the flow of current. It is different from a conventional MOSFET in that it provides improved performance in terms of lower power consumption, higher performance, and reduced variability compared to traditional planar MOSFETs. Additionally, FinFETs allow for increased scalability, enabling the creation of smaller, more advanced devices.

Synthesis is the process of transforming a high-level design description, such as RTL (register-transfer level) code, into a gate-level representation that can be used to generate a physical layout. The output of synthesis is a gate-level netlist, which is a description of the design in terms of gates, flip-flops, and other components.

Custom design is a design approach where the circuits are designed from scratch to meet specific requirements, whereas standard cell design uses pre-designed, pre-verified, and reusable building blocks called standard cells. Standard cell design is more efficient and faster than custom design, as it allows for faster design iterations and reduces design time.

Floorplanning is the process of creating a blueprint of the physical layout of a VLSI design. It involves defining the locations and sizes of the various blocks in the design, and determining the relationships between them. Floorplanning is an important step in the VLSI design flow, as it helps to ensure that the design fits within the specified area and meets performance, power, and other requirements.

DRC (Design Rule Checking) is a verification step that ensures that the design meets the specified design rules, such as minimum metal widths, minimum spacings, and others. LVS (Layout versus Schematic) is a verification step that compares the physical layout of the design to the schematic, ensuring that the layout is an accurate representation of the schematic.

A latch is a type of circuit that stores one bit of information and can be used to sample data at a particular moment in time. A flip-flop is a type of circuit that stores one bit of information and can be used to sample data in a synchronous manner. The difference between a latch and a flip-flop is that a flip-flop has a clock input that determines when the data is sampled, whereas a latch does not have a clock input.

Delay refers to the amount of time it takes for a signal to travel from one point to another, while slew rate refers to the rate at which the signal changes. In VLSI design, delay is important in determining the maximum frequency of operation, while slew rate is important in determining the maximum rate of change of the signal and how much power the circuit consumes.

A parasitic resistance is a resistance that is inherent in the physical structure of a circuit and is not explicitly designed. It is important in VLSI design because it can affect the performance and power consumption of the circuit, and must be taken into account during design and analysis.

A clock tree is a network of clock buffers that distributes a clock signal to the various components in a VLSI design. It is important in VLSI design because it helps to ensure that the clock signal arrives at all components with the correct timing and with minimum skew, reducing the potential for timing errors and increasing the performance of the circuit.